Non‑thermal biological effects of low‑frequency/pulsed RF exposures arise from a timing‑fidelity mechanism in which external fields shift the voltage‑dependent activation energy of ion channels. Voltage‑gated channels sense transmembrane potential with the S4 helix; a local potential change ΔV\Delta VΔV across the ~1 nm sensing region shifts the barrier by ΔG=zeffe ΔV\Delta G = z_{\mathrm{eff}} e\,\Delta VΔG=zeffeΔV. With […]
